IT 엔지니어의 발전 단계

06.좋은글 모음 2011. 4. 12. 09:20 Posted by 임똘
미국의 경우 Developer만 30년 이상 하신 분들도 계십니다. 어느 것이 낫다고 이야기할 수는 없습니다.
따라서, IT 엔지니어들의 발전 단계라고  말하는 건 오해가 있겠지만 그래도 정리해 보겠습니다.

당신은 어디쯤 있나요 ?

 IT Consultant
    미래를 이야기하는 사람
    학벌도 좋아야 하고, 머리에 든 것도 많아야 하고 말도 잘해야 한다.
    이 사람들은 주로  기업의 의사결정권자들과 이야기하며, IT의 미래를 변화시킨다.

Solution Provider
    기업이 처한 문제점을 IT 및 관련 구를 이용하여 풀어주는 사람.
    업무 상의 숨겨진 문제점이나 본질적 문제점을 조명하고, IT 관점의 해결책을 제시한다.
    비즈니스 프로 세스 혁신(BPR), 품질관리(TQM), 개발방법론, IT 운영방법론 등에 해박한 지식을 가지고 있다.
    IT 수단 뿐만 아니라 다른 수단까지 동원하여서 고객의 문제점을 풀어주는 사람이다.
    이 사람들이 IT 컨설턴트와 다른 점은 현업에 투입되어서 문제를 한다는 것이다.
    소위 말하는 몸빵을 한다는 것이다.

System Integrator
    하드웨어와 네트워크, 어플리케이션까지 함께 생각해서 시스템을 구축하는 사람.
    네트워크 및 하드웨어 특성과 어플리케이션의 궁합에 대해서 해박한 지식을 가지고 있는 사람이다.
    비즈니스 특성별로 적합한 시스템을 설계하고, 이에 대한 어플리케이션 개발까지도 가이드한다.
    최적의 IT 시스템을 갖추기 위해 필요한 재량을 모두 가지고 있다.
    Solution Provider와 다른 점은 "비즈니스 상 문제해결"보다는 "잘 구축하는 능력"에 초점이 맞추어져 있다는 것이다.

Developer
    회계 또는 인사노무 전문 개발자로 불리는 사람이다.
    이 사람들은 스스로 정통한 업무 하나씩을 꿰차고 있다.
    모바일 전문가, 서비스 기획자 모두 이 분야이다.
    이 사람들은 다양한 개발툴과 언어를 활용할 줄 안다.
    하나의 업무를 오랫동안 해서 눈감고도 개발할 수 있는 사람이다.

Programmer
     이 사람들은 업무 같은 거 잘 모른다.
     UltraEdit, Hwp 등 유틸리티 컴퓨팅에 필요한 도구를 개발하는 사람이다.
    좋은 로직과 최적화된 프로그램을 개발하는 것이 재미있고, 즐거운 사람들이다.
    Developer와 다른 점은 업무자동화, 효율화에 대한 개발은 관심이 없다는 것이다.
    이들은 자기가 개발했던 지난 프로그램들을 모두 CD에 구워두기도 한다.
    심지어는 이제는 눈감고도 코딩할 수 있어 전혀 필요없어진 20년 전 코볼프로그램도 보관한다.

Coder
    이 사람들은 로직 잘 모른다.
    로직 잘못 짜면, 시스템 상으로 어떤 문제가 발생되는지 모른다.
    그냥 책에서 배운대로 짠다.
    그러나, 최적화된 바이너리를 구현하거나 메모리 핸들링, 어셈블리 코딩 등은 재미있어 한다.
   Programmer와 다른 점은 전체 프로그램의 조화를 생각하지 않는다는 것이다.
   이들은 C++이 왜 Java보다 우수한지 증명하려고 애쓰는 사람들이다.
 

삶의 원칙

06.좋은글 모음 2011. 3. 29. 18:28 Posted by 임똘
삶의 원칙)
1. 모든일은 나의 능력에 이루어지는 것이 아닌, 하나님의 뜻에 의해 감사히 이루어 진것이다.
2. 무리하지않는 삶을 살자. - 쉬고 싶을때 쉬어 주자!
2. 내가 평안함을 느낄수 있는 솔직한 삶을 살자.
3. 내 주위 사람들에게 편안함을 줄 수 있는 삶을 살아가자.
4. 현실에 만족하고, 집착하지 않는 삶을 살자

[Season#5 원칙]
1. 남들에게 도움이 될 수 있는 방향에서 시작을 한다.
2. 이익에 대해서는 혼자의 욕심이 아닌, 항상 나눌 마음으로 시작한다.
3. 혼자서 모든 것을 다하려는 욕심을 버리고, 내가 가진 능력과 노하우가, 다른이의 능력과 합해져 시너지가 극대화될 수 있도록 한다.

 출처:
http://uvicrabbit.tistory.com/
1. 업무 요청의 기술: 최고의 소셜 스킬
지식근로자의 업무는 대부분 협업으로 이루어지죠. 업무를 요청하고 또 요청 받습니다. 바로 그러한 관리를 잘 하는게 시간 절약의 핵심입니다. 무엇보다 요청한 일에 대한 피드백을 철저하게 확인해야 합니다. 1주일 전에 부탁한 일이 잘 진행되는지 3~4일 전에 가볍게 중간 확인을 합니다.
김지현님은 이렇게 한다고 합니다. "엊그제 부탁 드렸던 업무를 진행하시면서 제가 드려야 할 도움이나 혹시 기간을 더 드려야 하는지 확인해 주십시오."
그리고 이틀 전에는 이렇게 얘기한다고 합니다. "일전에 부탁드린 업무에 도움을 주시고 계셔서 감사합니다. 모레쯤 결과물을 보내 주시면 그것을 참고로 최종본이 훌륭하게 정리가 될 것 같아요. 잘 부탁 드릴게요." 마감 일정을 재확인하는 거죠. 상대방이 기분 나쁘지 않도록 정중하게 리안드 시키는 효과가 있습니다.
여러분은 업무를 하면서 이러한 식의 나이스한 요청을 받아본 적이 있습니까? 저는 18년 동안 직장 생활하면서 한번도 없었습니다. 이것은 시간 관리 이전에 최고의 소셜 스킬입니다.
제 프로젝트 관리 강의 내용 중에 이런 부분이 있습니다. 팀원들에게 업무를 위임한 후 중간 확인을 할 때 최악의 질문은 "저번에 맡긴 일 어떻게 되가? 이번 주에 되는 거지?"이고, 최고의 질문은 "업무를 하면서 혹시 애로사항이 있거나 제가 도와줄 일이 있나요?" 입니다.
바로 그것과 일맥상통하는 내용입니다. 사람들이란 안타깝게도, 자신이 대우받기를 바라는 그대로 타인에게 하지 않습니다. 바로 그것에 성공의 비밀이 있습니다. 어렵지만 그렇게 한다면 엄청난 경쟁력을 가질 수 있는 것이죠. Daum에 입사한 지 몇 년도 안되어 임원으로 승진한 김지현님의 업무 노하우는 바로 이것이 아닐까요?
이 부분만 가슴으로 이해하고 실천해도 책 값은 뽑았다고 생각합니다.
그리고 이런 내용도 있습니다. 업무를 요청할 때, 왜 이 업무를 요청하는 지에 대한 사유와 적임자임을 공감할 수 있도록 설명을 한다고 합니다.

2. 회사에서 가장 중요한 1위 프로젝트에 참여해야 합니다.
그래야 회사에게 기억됩니다. 회사가 맡겨준다기 보다는 여러분이 어떻게든 1위 프로젝트에 참여할 수 있는 방법을 찾아야만 합니다. 저 또한 과연 그것을 위해 얼마나 노력을 했는지 뒤돌아보게 만드네요.

3. 업무의 질과 속도 관리 기술
업무의 질과 속도는 비례합니다. 그러므로 업무 중요도(회사 기여율)이 높은 일에는 좀 더 많은 시간을 배분하고 중요도가 떨어지는 일에는 시간과 열정을 줄여서 안배하는게 중요합니다. 즉, 중요도가 낮은 업무의 경우에는 완성도를 다소 희생하더라도 제 시간에 일을 완수해야 하는 것입니다.
시간과 완성도의 딜레마를 효율적으로 조율하는 것이 중요하다는 게 김지현님의 견해입니다. 여기에서 핵심은 업무 중요도를 개인적인 기호가 아니라, 회사 기여도에 따라 최대한 객관적으로 판단해야 한다는 점입니다. 아무 일이나 열심히 하는 직장인들이 얼마나 많습니까?

4. 회의 참여의 기술
회의 참여를 요청하는 연락을 할 때 "회의에 왜 당신이 필요하고 어떤 역할을 해주길 원하는 지에 대한 설명"을 포함한다고 합니다. 이 부분은 참석자에 따라 내용이 다르므로 다 다르게 기입한다고 하는데, 조금의 시간을 들임으로써 상당한 효과를 볼 수 있는 내용이라고 봅니다.
저라도 회의 주최자가 그런 성의를 보이고 저를 필요로 한다면 기쁘게 참석하겠습니다. 제가 대기업 직장인으로 일해본 경험에 따르면, 제게 참석을 요청하더라도 사실상 참석하지 않아도 되는 회의가 80% 정도는 되었습니다 (그걸 파악한 후로는 제가 꼭 있어야 되는 회의 말고는 철저히 참석하지 않았습니다). 대기업에서는 회의 참석만 잘 관리해도 엄청난 시간이 절약됩니다.
김지현님 스스로 비생산적인 회의를 별로 좋아하지 않기에, 올바른 회의 문화를 위해 본인이 먼저 실천하고 있다는 생각이 들었습니다.

5. 적어도 월 50장이 넘는 명함을 소비해야 합니다.
50장의 명함을 썼다는 건 50장의 명함을 받았다는 걸 뜻하죠. 지식근로자들에게는 사람을 통해 줄일 수 있는 시간이 많습니다. 자신의 능력과 시간이 유한하기에, 업무 아웃소싱을 위해서 그 일을 잘 할 수 있는 사람을 알고 있는 게 아주 중요한 경쟁력이 됩니다. 여러분은 얼마나 명함을 사용하고 있고, 또 그 데이터를 얼마나 잘 관리하고 있는지요?
전 주고 받는 명함이 참 많은데(한 달에 백장은 넘는 듯), 도통 관리를 안 해서 별 도움이 안됩니다. 반성되는 점인데, 제가 직접 하긴 힘들 거 같고 비서를 통해서 해야 할 것 같네요.

6. 업무 요청 받기의 기술
앞서 얘기한 게 업무를 요청하는 기술이라면, 이번에는 업무를 요청 받는 기술입니다. 업무 요청을 받을 때는 반드시 업무의 목적, 구체적 산출물, 마감 시간, 가용 가능한 자원, 이해관계자들의 내역을 확인하는 게 중요합니다. 이 부분, 제 경험과 유사해서 특히 공감했습니다.
저의 경우(상명하복의 조직에서 일할 때조차도) 직속 임원이 제게 업무를 맡기면, 그 업무의 배경을 어떻게든 파악했습니다. 그게 해당 임원이 스스로 창출한 건지, 그 위의 임원이 시킨 일인지, 아님 사장님이 시킨 일인지, 정말 원하는 결과물이 무언지, 그걸 위해 제가 활용할 수 있는 자원이 무엇인지를 반드시 확인한 후 일을 했습니다.
그래야 업무를 요청한 사람을 확실히 만족시킬 수가 있습니다. 명확하지 않은 내용은 업무 개시 전에 어떻게든 분명하게 확인해야 합니다. 아니면 요청자의 기대와 다른 결과물을 만들 게 되고, 결국 실컷 고생하고도 좋은 소리 못 듣게 됩니다.

7. 업무 우선순위 관리의 기술
사소한 일을 가장 먼저 해야 합니다. 저 또한 많은 공감한 내용입니다. 직위가 상승할수록 본인의 TO DO 목록이 엄청나게 늘어납니다. 이때 사소한 일, 빨리 끝낼 수 있는 일을 먼저 해야 합니다. 그런 일을 빨리 TO DO 목록에서 제거하여 부담도 덜고, 더 중요한 일에 충분히 시간을 투자할 수 있는 환경을 조성해야 합니다.
그런데 막상 일을 하다 보면, 어려운 일 & 중요한 일에 먼저 시간을 쏟게 되는 경우가 많은데 선수들은 그렇게 하지 않는다는 걸 기억하세요.
가장 대표적인 게 간단한 이메일 답장 같은 일이죠. 답장을 하기 위해 자료를 준비하는 등의 많은 시간이 필요하지 않다면, 읽은 메일에는 즉시 답장을 하는 게 최고죠. 다른 사소한 일들도 마찬가지입니다. 김지현님은 10분 이내에 처리할 수 있는 일들을 가장 먼저 처리하라고 조언하고 있습니다.

8. 시간 지키기 기술
김지현님이 상당히 통찰력 있는 지적을 했는데요. 한국 사람들이 일의 시작 시간보다 끝내는 시간을 더 중요하게 생각하도 보니, 시작은 비록 늦더라도 밤을 새워서라도 끝내는 성실함, 사명감이 크다는 내용입니다. 참으로 공감하는 내용입니다.
그러므로 효율적 시간 관리를 위해서는 일의 시작을 잘 관리하여야 한다는 내용인데, 자세한 내용은 책을 통해 확인하세요. 사실 제가 개인적으로 미팅, 회의 약속 시간을 잘 지키지 못하는 편이라서 이에 대해서는 말할 자격이 별로 없는 거 같습니다.
제가 반성하는 부분인데, 약속뿐만 아니라 저의 모든 라이프스타일이 그래서(루즈함이 제 스타일) 앞으로도 크게 나아질 것 같지는 않습니다. 다만 제가 늦어서 저나 타인이 피해를 볼 수도 있는 약속은 반드시 지키려 분발하고 있습니다. 그래야 프로페셔널하잔하요^^
생각해보면, 저와 김지현님이 만날 때 제가 항상 늦게 왔던 거 같은데 이 자리를 빌어서 미안하다는 말 전하고요. 앞으로도 계속 미안할 거 같은 불안한 마음을 전하고 싶네요.

9. 일 줄이기 기술
김지현님이 주장한 시간 관리의 마지막 단계는, 단지 빠르게 일 처리를 하는게 아니라 일을 효율적으로 줄여햐 한다는 것입니다. 일을 중단하는 법에 대한 내용도 언급됩니다.
일을 줄이는 최고의 기술은 역시 "권한 위임"이죠. 권한 위임을 할 때는 일을 시작할 때 가이드를 주고 일이 끝났을 때에는 학습의 기회를 주는 것으로 마무리를 해야 합니다. 일의 중간에 절대 간섭하고 관여하지 말아야 합니다. 이 부분, 제가 주장하는 내용과 일치해서 기뻤습니다.
일의 중간에 간섭하지 않아야 성공을 하든 실패를 하든 부하직원이 업무를 통해 배울 수 있습니다. 그래야 그가 발전하고, 그래야 다음에 제가 또다시 업무를 위임했을 때 보다 좋은 결과를 만들어 낼 수 있죠. 역시 김지현님의 시간 관리 기술 중 하이라이트는 권한 위임이었던 것입니다.
제 경험에 따르면, 권한 위임을 잘 하면 아주 대단하고 방대한 일을 할 수 있습니다. 혼자서 일을 해봐야 얼마나 하겠습니까? 매일매일 간섭하고 통제해 봐야 얼마나 대단한 일을 할 수 있겠습니까? 저는 개인적으로 마이크로 매니지먼트는 하기도 싫고 받기도 싫습니다.
물론 조직의 상황, 부하직원의 상황에 따라 정도와 방법의 창이는 있을지라도 권한 위임이야말로 훌륭한 리더의 기술이라는데 이견이 있을 수 없다고 봅니다.

10. 똑똑함 vs. 성실함
김지현님은 결국, 성실함이 똑똑함을 이긴다고 했습니다. 대체로 성실하지 않은 저이지만, 처절한 마음으로 이 내용을 인정합니다. 결국 엉덩이 무거운 사람이 이깁니다.
제가 예전에 포스팅한 "개척자가 되는가, 아님 엉덩이라도 무겁든가"라는 글에 링크된 카툰을 보세요.
어설프게 똑똑하면 잔머리 굴리다 실속도 없고, 끝까지 버티지도 못해서 결국 손해를 보게 됩니다. 어설프게 똑똑한 척 하다가 40세가 넘어서 사라져간 사람들이 얼마나 많습니까? 젊을 때는 뭘 하든 할 수 있지만, 40세를 기준으로 그 동안 쌓아놓은 성과와 덕이 없으면 뭘 하든 할 수 없게 됩니다.
제 또한 오래 전부터 그런 공포에 시달려 왔습니다. 그런 점에서 작년에 원래 계획보다 일찍 직장 생활을 마치고, 스스로의 인생을 개척하게 된 게 큰 도움이 된 거 같습니다. 제가 성격이 B급이라서 아직 위태위태합니다만, 잔머리 굴리다 또한 남탓만 하다 사라지는 인간이 되고 싶지는 않습니다.
성실한 분들께 깊은 존경심을 표합니다. 제가 김지현님을 리스펙트하는 가장 큰 부분이 바로 성실함인 거 같습니다.

11. 워커홀릭 vs. 일 즐기기
김지현님이 아주 좋은 정의를 했네요. 일 자체에 몰입하면 워커홀릭이고, 일이 주는 가치에 몰입하면 즐기는 것이라고 말이죠. 이 정의에 따르면 김지현님은 워커홀릭 아닙니다. 스스로 즐겁지 않은 일은 최대한 안 하려는 스타일이거든요.
또 이런 비교를 했습니다. 일을 심각하게 하면 워커홀릭, 웃으면서 일을 하면 즐기는 것. 모든 일을 혼자 하면 워커홀릭, 함께 일을 하면 즐기는 것. 항상 손에서 일이 떠나지 않으면 워커홀릭, 일이 끝난 후에 충분한 여유와 휴식을 취하면 일을 즐기는 것. 일을 하는 동안 주변 사람들이 치를 떨면 워커홀릭, 주변 사람들이 즐거원하면 일을 즐기는 것.
저는 성실한 사람은 존경하지만, 워커홀릭은 싫어합니다. 워커홀릭은 주변 사람들에게 피해를 줍니다. 직위가 올라갈수록 더 강력한 피해를 끼치죠. 많은 워커홀릭들이 자신이 그러는 것처럼 부하직원들에게 일에 몰입할 것을 강요합니다. 그들은 부하직원들의 희생을 바탕으로 승진을 합니다.
저는 워커홀릭들이 직장의 싸이코패스라고 생각합니다. (아주 긍정적인 요인만 보았을 때) 비록 그들 때문에 회사가 성장하고 경제가 성장한 측면이 일부 있다고 하더라도, 그런 사람들이 득세해서는 사람들이 불행해질 뿐입니다. 그게 한국 사회의 현실이 아닌가요?
한국인은 정신적으로 불안한 우등생이라는 분석이 있습니다. 경제전문지 포브스는 "일하느라 지칠 때면 한국 사람을 생각하며 위안을 얻으라"라고 했다죠.
사람들을 불행하게 만드는 워커홀릭보다는 일을 즐기는 사람들이 많아졌으면 좋겠습니다.

12. 시간 관리의 최고봉은?
김지현님은 시간 관리의 최고봉이 "현재의 시간이 아닌 미래의 시간을 값지게 만드는 것"이라고 했습니다. 이거 본인이 창작한 말이라면 격언 수준입니다. 미래를 생각해 본다면, 내가 지금 얽매여 있는 일은 정말 무가치한 것일 수 있습니다. 저의 경우 이렇게 생각함으로써, 현실의 바보 같은 일들에서 벗어난 적이 많습니다.
생각해 보세요. "작년 9월 1일의 어떤 업무가 지금 이 순간에도 여전히 중요한가요?"

여러분 모두, 미래의 자신을 위해 현재의 시간을 투자하는 사람이 되시길 바랍니다.

A doctor attends to a hepatitis patient in a special isolation area at a hospital in Ahmadabad, India

A doctor attends to a hepatitis patient in a special isolation area at a hospital in Ahmadabad, India


STEVE EMBER: This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I’m Steve Ember.

BARBARA KLEIN: And I’m Barbara Klein. This week, we will tell about six diseases of the liver. The diseases come from six different viruses. Doctors have one name for all of them: hepatitis.

(MUSIC)

STEVE EMBER: The liver is in the upper right part of the stomach. This dark, red organ is big. It weighs more than one kilogram. And, it has a big job. The liver helps clean the blood and fight infection. It also helps break down food and store energy until the body needs it.

Hepatitis destroys liver cells. Some kinds of hepatitis are much more serious than others. Which kind a person has can only be known from tests for antibodies in the blood.

Antibodies are special proteins that the body's natural defenses against disease produce in answer to a threat. Identify the antibody and you identify the threat.

BARBARA KLEIN: Hepatitis A is usually spread through human waste in water or food. It is in the same group of viruses as those that cause the disease polio.

The hepatitis A virus causes high body temperature, pain and weakness. It causes problems with the stomach and intestines, making it difficult to eat or break down food. Also, the skin of a person with hepatitis may become yellow. This is a sign that the liver is not operating normally.

To help prevent the spread of hepatitis A, people should wash their hands after they use the restroom or change a baby's diaper. People should also wash their hands before they eat or prepare food.

STEVE EMBER: Hepatitis A can spread quickly to hundreds or thousands of people. But the virus is deadly in less than one percent of cases. Many people infected with the virus never even get sick. But those who do usually recover within two months.

The World Health Organization says hepatitis A is often found in Africa, Asia and Central and South America. People who have had hepatitis A cannot get it again. There is a vaccine to prevent hepatitis A. America's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the vaccine is the best way to protect against the disease.

(MUSIC)

BARBARA KLEIN: The World Health Organization says as many as two billion people are infected with the hepatitis B virus. More than three hundred fifty million of those infected have lifelong infections. WHO officials say an estimated six hundred thousand people die each year as a result of hepatitis B.

The virus is in the same group as the herpes and smallpox viruses. Hepatitis B vaccines have been given since the nineteen eighties. The W-H-O says the vaccine is ninety-five percent effective in preventing the development of infection.

A boy in Lima, Peru, reacts to a hepatitis B vaccine
AP
A boy in Lima, Peru, reacts to a hepatitis B vaccine

STEVE EMBER: Hepatitis B spreads when blood from an infected person enters the body of another person. An infected mother can infect her baby. The virus can also spread through sexual activity, and if people share injection devices.

Blood products from an infected person can spread hepatitis B. People also can get infected if they share personal-care products that might have blood on them. Some examples are toothbrushes and sharp hair-cutting instruments.

BARBARA KLEIN: Worldwide, most hepatitis B infections are found in children. Young children are the ones most likely to develop a chronic or lifelong infection. The risk of such an infection is small for children older than four years.

About ninety percent of babies infected with hepatitis B during the first year develop chronic infections. Such persons are at high risk of death from liver disease or liver cancer. The hepatitis B vaccine is considered to be the first medicine that can protect people against liver cancer.

(MUSIC)

STEVE EMBER: Hepatitis C is even more dangerous. Like hepatitis B, it spreads when blood from an infected person enters someone who is not infected.

The hepatitis C virus belongs to the same group of viruses as yellow fever and West Nile virus. Most people living with hepatitis C develop chronic infections, often without any signs. They are at high risk for liver disease and liver cancer.

The World Health Organization says about one hundred seventy million people are infected with hepatitis C. That is three percent of the population of the world! The WHO. also says that as many as four million more become infected each year. It warns that those infected may develop diseases of the liver, including liver cancer. The WHO says the highest rates of infection are in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America.

BARBARA KLEIN: The hepatitis C virus was first observed in nineteen seventy-four. But it was not officially recognized as a new kind of hepatitis until nineteen eighty-nine. Scientists have been working to develop a vaccine and other treatments.

Last month, the journal Lancet reported that a combination of two experimental drugs could clear the infection in eight to twelve weeks. However, researchers are still studying the effects of the treatment.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says about three million Americans are infected with hepatitis C. The rates are highest among people born between nineteen forty-five and nineteen sixty-five. Those especially at risk include persons who inject themselves with drugs and those who received blood or blood products before nineteen ninety.

(MUSIC)

STEVE EMBER: Hepatitis D is spread through blood, but only infects people who already have hepatitis B. The hepatitis D virus greatly increases the chance of severe liver damage. Experts say the virus infects about fifteen million people around the world. They say it also appears in five percent of persons infected with hepatitis B.

Doctors say the best way to prevent hepatitis D is to get vaccine that protects against hepatitis B. Doctors can treat some cases of hepatitis B, C and D. The drugs used are costly, however. But they are less costly than getting a new liver.

BARBARA KLEIN: The fifth virus is hepatitis E. Experts say it spreads the same way as hepatitis A -- through infectious waste. Cases often result from polluted drinking water. Medical science recognized hepatitis E as a separate disease in nineteen eighty.

Hepatitis E is also found in animal waste. Studies have shown that the virus can infect many kinds of animals.

STEVE EMBER: The WHO says many hepatitis E cases have been reported in Central and Southeast Asia, North and West Africa and Mexico. No vaccines or medicines are effective against hepatitis E. Most people recover, usually in several weeks or months. But the disease can cause liver damage. In some cases, hepatitis E can be deadly.

The virus is especially dangerous to pregnant women. Twenty percent of those living with hepatitis E die in the last three months of pregnancy.

BARBARA KLEIN: Scientists discovered yet another kind of hepatitis in the nineteen nineties. It has been named hepatitis G. The hepatitis G virus is totally different from any of the other hepatitis viruses.

Donald Poretz is an infectious disease specialist in Washington, DC. He says the hepatitis G virus is spread through blood and blood products. But he says the virus has not been found to cause any real disease.

STEVE EMBER: The World Hepatitis Alliance works to increase knowledge about the dangers of hepatitis. The group says people should know that the disease kills about one million five hundred thousand people each year. It also says one in twelve people worldwide is living with hepatitis B or hepatitis C. And, it says, most of those infected do not even know it.

Hepatitis cannot be cured. The only way to protect against infection is to receive vaccines against hepatitis A and B, and to avoid contact with the other viruses. And that may be difficult.

Remember that some kinds of hepatitis spread through sex or sharing needles. Blood products should be carefully tested for hepatitis. People in high-risk groups and those who have had hepatitis should not give blood. They also should not agree to leave their organs to others after they die. Donated organs can also spread hepatitis.

BARBARA KLEIN: Experts say people can take other steps to protect themselves. These include always washing your hands with soap and water after using the restroom and before preparing or eating food.

Experts say travelers should not drink water of unknown quality when visiting foreign or unknown areas. They also should avoid eating uncooked fruits and vegetables.

(MUSIC)

STEVE EMBER: This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written by Brianna Blake. George Grow was our producer. I’m Steve Ember.

BARBARA KLEIN: And I’m Barbara Klein. Listen again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.


Internet cafe in China

Chinese youths use computers at an Internet cafe in Beijing


This is the VOA Special English Technology Report.

The world has almost seven billion people. At least two billion are expected to be on the Internet by January. New growth is mostly from developing countries. Yet only twenty-one percent of their population is online.

A group called the World Wide Web Foundation is working to make the Web more usable to more of the world.

Tim Berners-Lee is the British computer scientist who invented the World Wide Web. He announced the launch of the Web Foundation last November.

The group says many people can access the Web but are unable to use it. The biggest reason is illiteracy.

The latest United Nations report says almost eight hundred million adults are unable to read or write. Even for those who can read, much of the information that is available on the Web is not in a language they can understand.

Steve Bratt is chief executive of the Web Foundation.

STEVE BRATT: "If you're a poor shopkeeper living in a very impoverished part of Botswana and you're trying to feed your family, trying to buy and sell goods, trying to get medical services for your kids or your employees, and you speak a local language, there's nothing on today's Web that's going to help you, right?

"So even if they had connectivity and they had a mobile phone, or something they could get to the Web, what would they look for? What would they be able to understand?"

Tim Berners-Lee first proposed the idea for the World Wide Web in nineteen eighty-nine. This was twenty years after Americans developed the first version of what we know as the Internet.

The Internet is a network of networks. It lets millions of computers communicate with each other. The Web is a major part. However, people now often use applications that are not Web-based, like on social networks and mobile devices like the iPhone.

Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web as a way to help people share information. His early work brought the Hypertext Markup Language, or HTML, used to create Web pages. It also gave us the Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- the HTTP before Web addresses.

By two thousand eight, Google reported that the number of Web pages had passed one trillion. Steve Bratt says the World Wide Web Foundation wants everyone to be able to use this information.

STEVE BRATT: "Our main purpose is to advance the Web to empower people. It's focusing on the Web not just as a technology, but as one of the most powerful means for connecting people to knowledge and people to each other."

Partnerships with the Web Science Trust and the World Wide Web Consortium aim to create applications that make the Web more user-friendly. Steve Bratt says mobile technology is an important part of that work, as more and more people use their phones to go online.

STEVE BRATT: "One of the challenges we have is to make the Web a lot easier to use even on the simplest and least expensive mobile phones."

And that's the VOA Special English Technology Report, written by June Simms. I'm Steve Ember.



Read and listen to the article. Then open the activities on the right side of the page to improve your English!

The video sharing website, YouTube, was created in 2005 and became an overnight success.  Google bought YouTube for more than $1,600,000,000 the following year.  In May, YouTube announced that two billion videos were watched each day.

In June, the Guggenheim Museum in New York City announced it would hold a competition among YouTube videos.  Now, the judges have chosen the top 125 videos.  Mario Ritter has more.

The Guggenheim and YouTube launched the competition called “YouTube Play.  A Biennial of Creative Video.”  The information technology companies HP and Intel are supporting the event.  23,000 videos entered the competition.  They represented 91 countries and every possible style of movie making.

Getty Images/iStockphoto
YouTube Play: A competition of creative video.

The rules of the competition were few.  Video makers had to be eighteen years or older.  They could enter only one video.  It had to be no more than ten minutes long.  Any language, subject, sound, and style were considered.

Eleven people are judging the videos.  They include artists, musicians, and filmmakers.  Laurie Anderson is all three.  She says all her art starts with a story, so she looks for a story as she judges the videos.

Other judges include the filmmaker Darren Aronofsky, the band Animal Collective, and artist and filmmaker, Shirin Neshat.

New Jersey artist Dahlia Elsayed’s video is one of the finalists.  She used the camera in her computer to record herself describing her daily food desires for one month.  The video is simple, short, and interesting.

A frightening, but beautiful video came from Chile.  The video by Niles Atallah, Joaquin Cocina Varas, and Cristobal Leon is called “Luis.”  It is an animated ghostly story of a tense, angry boy.  It is very dark, but impossible to stop watching.

“Mars to Jupiter” is a video from Canada by Sterling Pache.  It is about a survivor of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.  The video explores how her past still haunts her.

Other chosen videos are from France, Spain, Taiwan, Australia, and Israel.  Almost thirty countries are represented.  You can see them if you link to YouTube Play from our website at voaspecialenglish.com.

People can also see the 125 videos at the Guggenheim museums in New York; Bilbao, Spain; Berlin, Germany; and Venice, Italy.

On October 21, the YouTube Play judges will announce the final twenty winning videos at a special event at the Guggenheim in New York.  The videos will be on view there until October 24.


Read and listen to the article. Then open the activities on the right side of the page to improve your English!

They are not even five millimeters long and cannot fly or jump. Yet bedbugs strike fear in homeowners and business owners. Well, not all business owners. Some see money in these little bloodsuckers.

We are now seeing bedbugs in what we would consider to be atypical locations: schools and hospitals, retail locations, movie theaters. So, as the numbers have grown, those bed bugs are spreading out and traveling along with people."

New York and other cities have outbreaks. But the United States is not the only country affected.

Jeff White is an insect expert who hosts Bed Bug TV on the website BedBug Central.

"What has caused this rapid expansion of bedbug infestations  -- and the world for that matter -- is the lack of public awareness."

Mr. White says bedbugs nearly disappeared from the United States for fifty or sixty years. Now researchers are looking for faster, safer ways to control them without the kinds of poisons used in the past.

The name is misleading. Bedbugs do not just live in beds. Mr. White says they can survive for a year without food -- that is, blood.

Last week, an industry event called BedBug University's North American Summit 2010 took place near Chicago, Illinois. More than three hundred sixty people attended the two-day meeting.

The industry says bedbugs are the most difficult pest to control. Treatments can cost from several hundred dollars to thousands of dollars in, say, a hotel or apartment building.

Missy Henriksen says Americans spent almost two hundred sixty million dollars on bedbug treatments last year. That was only 5% of total spending on pest control, she says, but that number does not include other costs.

"I think the overall economic impact because of bedbugs is certainly much more significant. We're finding that businesses who have bedbugs oftentimes will close to remediate the problem."

Bedbugs have not been shown to spread disease. But they can leave itchy bite marks and cause allergic reactions in some people.

Lately, however, another bug has caught America's attention. The National Pest Management Association is now getting the most questions about stink bugs. Outbreaks have invaded homes and offices in many states.

Stink bugs are harmless except to farms and gardens. And they smell bad only if you smash them.

Children at a KaBOOM playground in Washington

Children at a KaBOOM playground in Washington


DOUG JOHNSON: Welcome to AMERICAN MOSAIC in VOA Special English.

(MUSIC)

I'm Doug Johnson.

This week we play new music from Taylor Swift …

And, answer a question about Veterans Day …

But first, a report on a group that has built hundreds of playgrounds in America and how it is now reaching beyond those borders.

(MUSIC)

KaBOOM

DOUG JOHNSON: Back in nineteen ninety-five, Darrell Hammond read a tragic story in the newspaper about two children in a poor area of Washington, D.C. They had been playing in an old car because they had nowhere else to play. They got stuck inside and died from a lack of air.

Mr. Hammond was struck by the tragedy. Soon after, he and his friend Dawn Hutchinson established a non-profit group to build community playgrounds across America. The first went up that same year in Washington. In the fifteen years since, KaBOOM has built almost two thousand community playgrounds. But KaBOOM’s playground plans are not just for America. Faith Lapidus has more.

FAITH LAPIDUS: Mark White built his first non-American playground in Poland. He is known in that country as “Pan Plac Zabaw” or Mr. Playground. The project took place at an orphanage, a large housing center for children without parents. Mark White says the playground brought the wider community together. Families came to play. Orphaned children made friends with children they had never had the chance to play with before.

Mark White’s earlier work with KaBOOM in the American Gulf Coast after Hurricane Katrina helped inspire and guide the playground in Poland.

MARK WHITE: “I thought couldn’t this playground model work elsewhere in the world? With Skype, and the Internet and cell phones? Couldn’t we do the same type of thing? So I looked at the eight steps of the roadmap that KaBOOM uses to teach people how to build a playground, using community involvement. And went one by one and planned the playground there in Poland.”

Currently, Mark White is working on a playground in Nepal. That is the kind of story sure to make Laurence Hooper happy. He is Senior Director of Online Initiatives at KaBoom. He takes everything KaBOOM knows about building playgrounds and puts that information online in a simple, easy-to-use design.

He says there are fifteen years of playground-building knowledge available on KaBOOM’s website. He says you can find checklists, design plans, even information about soil testing. Mr. Hooper also says visitors can post questions that KaBOOM experts will answer. Or visitors can exchange information with other playground builders, no matter where they are.

LAURENCE HOOPER: “It’s astonishing. You hear stories about people using our tools in Nepal or in Africa. The power of the web is that it really does reach into every single corner and makes this knowledge available to someone who just goes onto a search engine and types a couple of words looking for this information. You know, they will find us.”

You can find a link to the KaBOOM website on our website voaspecialenglish.com.

Veterans Day

Soldiers mark Veterans Day with a wreath-laying ceremony in Afghanistan
AFP Photo
Soldiers mark Veterans Day with a wreath-laying ceremony in Afghanistan

(MUSIC: “Over There”)

DOUG JOHNSON: Our listener question this week is from China. Albert Lee wants to know about Veterans Day. November eleventh is a day Americans honor men and women who have served in the United States armed forces.

World War One ended at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month. Germany surrendered at eleven o'clock in the morning on November eleventh, nineteen eighteen. The next year, President Woodrow Wilson signed a document declaring November eleventh as Armistice Day in the United States. It would be a day to honor the men and women who had served in the American armed forces during the war.

The United States now has more than twenty-three million veterans. The term "veteran" is not just for soldiers who have served in wars.

It describes anyone who has ever been in the military. On November eleventh, communities across the United States hold ceremonies to observe Veterans Day. Military bands play. Veterans march in parades. The president and other public officials give speeches.

Congress wanted the nation to hear the stories of its older veterans. Many veterans have reached old age. Each day, more than one thousand veterans die. So, in two thousand, Congress created a program to keep these memories alive for future Americans. It is called the Veterans History Project.

The project collects the remembrances of American war veterans and civilian workers who supported them. These collections are kept in the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress in Washington.

The project collects remembrances of veterans who served in World War I, World War II, the Korean War and Vietnam War. It also includes veterans of the Persian Gulf War and conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. Civilians who actively supported war efforts are also invited to share their valuable stories. Volunteers throughout the nation collect veterans’ stories for the Library of Congress.

You can hear more about Veterans Day Monday on the Special English program This is America.

Taylor Swift

(MUSIC: “Mine”)

DOUG JOHNSON: Taylor Swift is a singer, songwriter and musician who hardly needs an introduction these days. Her two thousand eight album, “Fearless,” won more awards than any other album in the history of country music. Taylor Swift is also the top-selling digital artist in music history. Not bad for a performer who is only twenty years old. Last week, Taylor Swift released her third studio album, “Speak Now.” Some critics say it may be her best yet. Katherine Cole has more.

(MUSIC)

KATHERINE COLE: That was “Dear John” from Taylor Swift’s latest album, “Speak Now.” Like most of her songs, this one tells about a deeply personal experience. Media reports say the song is about Swift’s failed relationship earlier this year with musician John Mayer. However, she has not publicly confirmed that the song is about him.

Taylor Swift's "Speak Now" CD

Taylor Swift does say in the album notes of “Speak Now” that she wrote each song with a person in mind. She says the songs contain the words she meant to say but didn’t. The next song, “Innocent,” was written with rapper Kanye West in mind. It is her answer to his behavior when he interrupted her award acceptance speech at last year’s MTV Video Music Awards.

(MUSIC)

Taylor Swift’s earlier albums were heavily influenced by country music. One reason for her huge success is that her music is popular with country music fans as well as with wider audiences. However, her new album shows that she is also at ease with other music styles. We leave you with “Back to December.”

(MUSIC)

DOUG JOHNSON: I’m Doug Johnson. Our program was written by Dana Demange, Jeri Watson and Caty Weaver, who also was our producer.

Join us again next week for AMERICAN MOSAIC, VOA’s radio magazine in Special English.

Women sell fruits and vegetables in front of a damaged house in Jacmel, Haiti, after the earthquake in January. The Global Heritage Fund says Jacmel is one of the world’s last historic cities of steel and iron architecture.


Women sell fruits and vegetables in front of a damaged house in Jacmel, Haiti, after the earthquake in January. The Global Heritage Fund says Jacmel is one of the world’s last historic cities of steel and iron architecture.


BOB DOUGHTY: I’m Bob Doughty.

FAITH LAPIDUS: And I’m Faith Lapidus with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. The Global Heritage Fund organization recently released a list of cultural treasures in the developing world that are in danger of disappearing.

These “On the Verge” places face many threats. They include war and conflict, development pressures, poor supervision, stealing and misuse by visitors.

The Global Heritage Fund says these places are important because they are records of our human civilization. And the group says countries can learn to use these treasures to help support responsible development in the future.

(MUSIC)

BOB DOUGHTY: The Global Heritage Fund says globalization has created an international culture that is about sameness. But the endangered places it is trying to protect represent the rich differences of human culture throughout history.

The group says there are more than two hundred places around the developing world that are at serious risk. In a new report, the fund has chosen twelve places that are the most threatened.

The ruins of a church in Ani, Turkey
AP
The ruins of a church in Ani, Turkey

FAITH LAPIDUS: One of these is Ani, a city in Turkey near the border with Armenia. This ancient city is now mostly in ruins. But it was once the capital of a large and powerful Armenian kingdom.

Ani’s ruined buildings tell an important story about the Armenian culture that existed there during the tenth and eleventh centuries. The city contains many fine examples of religious and civil buildings.

But these buildings have long been damaged by robbers. Experts say the Turkish government has done little to protect the buildings and many are at risk of collapse.

BOB DOUGHTY: The town of Lamu is one of the oldest and best-kept traditional Swahili settlements in East Africa. Lamu is on an island of the same name, off the coast of Kenya. Lamu’s buildings are made of coral stone and wood from mangrove forests.

Ancient settlements on this island date as far back as the eighth century.

Lamu was once a very important trading center in East Africa. It is also important for its special Islamic culture and celebrations. This ancient city became part of the United Nations World Heritage list in two thousand one. But it still faces the threats of modern development, such as the possible building of a modern port nearby.

Several old buildings in town are also in danger of collapsing.

FAITH LAPIDUS: The town of Maluti in India is known for its many religious buildings which date back to the seventeen hundreds. Pala rulers built the Maluti Temples to honor their gods including Shiva, Durga and Kali.

Many of the temples have fallen apart, and rainwater has further weakened those that are still standing. If repaired, these beautiful buildings could offer this small town an important source of income.

Other endangered places include the ancient city of Ninevah in northern Iraq, the Sans-Souci palace in Haiti, and the former capital of Ayutthaya in Thailand.

(MUSIC)

BOB DOUGHTY: The Global Heritage Fund is a nonprofit organization based in California. Its goal is to protect places of cultural importance in developing countries.

The group says it pays attention to developing countries because they often have few resources to protect places of cultural importance. And, other major cultural organizations often pay more attention to protecting places in the developed world.

For example, the fund points out that the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization has forty-five World Heritage places in Italy. UNESCO has forty-two in Spain. But Peru, famous for its ancient Incan buildings, has only nine World Heritage Places. Guatemala has only three.

FAITH LAPIDUS: Many of the Global Heritage Fund’s efforts help communities learn how best to protect their cultural treasures. The fund says it also aims to show how countries can use these places to support economic growth.

The organization has developed a protection method using local communities, science and partnerships with other groups.

The Global Heritage Fund recently published a report called “Saving Our Vanishing Heritage.” The report has several goals. One is to raise public awareness about the threats to historical places around the world.

The fund says the problem is an international crisis that is equal to environmental destruction around the world. Another goal of the report is to identify inventive technologies to help solve the crisis. The report also aims to increase funding to these projects through partnerships between public and private groups.

BOB DOUGHTY: The Global Heritage Fund says its new report attempts to place a value on cultural places so that they can also be considered as economic resources. The group says thinking of the cultural places in economic terms can help to meet the United Nations Millennium Development Goals of ending poverty.

It also estimates that by two thousand twenty five, these places of cultural importance could produce one hundred billion dollar a year in income for developing countries.

Protecting a cultural place has a big effect on local economies by creating jobs and bringing new life to city areas. Once a place of cultural importance begins to attract visitors, property values increase and small businesses find new markets.

But the Global Heritage Fund says increasing the number of visitors to an area must be done responsibly. Controls and policies must be established to avoid overuse.

FAITH LAPIDUS: Both the Global Heritage Fund and UNESCO work toward protecting historical places. UNESCO’s World Heritage list includes over nine hundred natural or cultural places considered to have universal value.

However, UNESCO has very little money in its budget to pay for protecting historical places. UNESCO does provide professional help and training to help countries and communities create and maintain programs.

BOB DOUGHTY: Experts say that being selected for the UNESCO World Heritage List can bring needed aid as well as problems. Once a place of cultural importance makes the list, it can become so popular with visitors that the goal of protection fails.

UNESCO has said that business goals aimed at increasing visitors often end up shaping policies instead of protection goals. Other critics say there are so many places on UNESCO’s World Heritage list that the organization can no longer be very effective.

Still, UNESCO plays a very important role in bringing attention to culturally and historically important places around the world.

(MUSIC)

FAITH LAPIDUS: One of the Global Heritage Fund’s current projects is in Guatemala’s Mirador Basin. This area in northern Guatemala contains several important examples of ancient Mayan settlements. These include the Mayan cities of El Mirador, Nakbe, Tintal and Wakna.

The many buildings are surrounded by forest. Centuries of tree growth have covered the pyramids and religious buildings. These buildings provide some of the finest examples of the early part of the Mayan civilization.

But this area is in danger from robbers and people cutting trees illegally. Also, over the past ten years, much of the natural environment in the Mirador area has been destroyed by fires. The Global Heritage Fund says over seventy percent of the environment in this area has been lost in the past ten years.

US archaeologist Richard Hansen shows a limestone frieze found at El Mirador archaeological site
AP
US archaeologist Richard Hansen shows a limestone frieze found at El Mirador archaeological site

BOB DOUGHTY: The Global Heritage Fund has three main goals for its Mirador project. One is helping the Guatemalan government obtain UNESCO recognition. Another is establishing permanent protection for the area. And the third is working to make the area a sustainable protected area within ten years.

To meet these goals, the Global Heritage Fund is working with the Guatemalan government to gain support for its protection plan. Money from The fund will go toward restoring the buildings of El Mirador and mapping and exploring newly discovered buildings.

The organization is also paying to train local guides on how to stop theft and illegal tree-cutting. Educational programs are helping to give people in the area the skills they need to have jobs that do not endanger this protected area.

The United States and Guatemalan governments, area nonprofit organizations and private donors have given money to help support the Mirador project.

FAITH LAPIDUS: The Global Heritage Fund says we have a duty to the people of the past, present and future to make sure we do not lose these examples of human history.

And it says every country, organization and individual can play a role in helping to protect this rich history.

BOB DOUGHTY: This program was written and produced by Dana Demange. I’m Bob Doughty.

FAITH LAPIDUS: And I’m Faith Lapidus. Visit us online at voaspecialenglish.com or on Facebook or Twitter at VOA Learning English. Join us again next week for EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English.

Younger members of Studio Heat performing at the release party for the Music Clubhouse's second CD, "Because of You"

Younger members of Studio Heat performing at the release party for the Music Clubhouse's second CD, "Because of You"


This is the VOA Special English Education Report.

Twenty-five-year-old Rick Aggeler says he discovered early in life that music is magic.

RICK AGGELER: "Music made me feel like anything was possible."

At the age of seven, a medical condition required him to have a brain operation. It also prevented him from playing sports. So his mother suggested that he learn to play drums instead.

RICK AGGELER: "I started playing drums with Ronit Glick. She was my elementary teacher. I remember just the joy it brought to me. It was my favorite thing. Sixth grade was a new school to me and I had a hard time kind of getting along with all the kids. And Ms. Glick just took me in and I had so much fun at the program. It just felt great all the time."

Rick Aggeler graduated from the Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, in two thousand seven. While there, he volunteered as a music teacher at a youth center in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston.

He helped create a small music club within the center.  The Music Clubhouse at the Blue Hill Boys and Girls Club quickly grew.

Young people come to the Music Clubhouse after school and during summer break. The club provides a safe environment to learn to play instruments and to perform together in bands. The club even has its own recording studio.

(MUSIC-“Super Hero”)

The club has released two albums. "Super Hero" is one of the songs from the second album, "Because of You."

Fourteen-year-old Javon Martin performs under the name Yung Fresh. He joined the Music Clubhouse three years ago.

YUNG FRESH: "It has impacted my life in a big way because I never thought I would be doing this. We now give shows. I'm on the radio. People are actually starting to see me as like an artist."

(MUSIC: “Blue Hill Shuffle”)

Ten-year-old Akheylah Hunter joined the club last year but did not play an instrument. Now, she plays piano and sings in a band. What she likes best, she says, is performing.

AKHEYLAH HUNTER: "We performed in different places like at Berklee College of Music. We go on trips, like we went to the House of Blues and we went on stage and we performed, and it was very fun."

The Music Clubhouse opened three years ago and has served almost five hundred young people. Rick Aggeler says preparing and performing is good for them.

RICK AGGELER: "I can see what it does for them, and it just develops confidence. It's also an escape. A big problem we have in the neighborhood is obviously gangs, and family dynamics. And we have a lot of challenges. We can have those conversations and then they can write, too. They can rap about it and kind of let it out a little bit."

(MUSIC-“Wake Up”)

Rick Aggeler says he is happy but not surprised by the results of the Music Clubhouse at the Blue Hill Boys and Girls Club.

RICK AGGELER: "As much fun as I do have drumming and performing live, it's definitely more rewarding and more fun, watching these kids grow up and develop."

And that's the VOA Special English Education Report. I'm Steve Ember.